Conjunction
Introduction
In many
ways to get success writing English fluently are must be to know parts of
speech grammar very essentially. When students are leant about writing skill or
reports so they are graduate at University. The college of part university or
professor put team work get to success writing reports. The students are can
choice one topic to write with your friends in time.
Please identify the correct part of speech for each word in
the sentences on the following slides. Make sure to write down the entire
sentence and the correct letter(s) neatly above each word. Grammar is the system and structure of a
language. The rules of grammar help us decide the order we put words in and
which form of a word to use.
When
you’re
talking about grammar, it’s useful to know some basic terms. The following are called
parts of speech and they each have their own function.
In parts of speech, it’s has elements as: noun,
pronoun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, and conjunction. So, it’s very crucial for me.
Often
abbreviated simply as conjunction and also called and
introduction is a valid rule
of inference of propositional logic. The rule makes it possible to introduce a conjunction into a logical
proof. It is the inference that
if the proposition p is true, and proposition q is
true, then the logical conjunction of the two propositions p and q is
true. For example, if it's true that it's raining, and it's true that I'm
inside, then it's true that "it's raining and I'm inside".
When we are give information about parts
of speech clearly and cleverly to writing involving grammar or parts of speech
to achieve good paragraphs or essays. So, it’s take to essential from academic writing to
advance writing such as report, thesis, and letter ect. The parts of speech are
the plan or structure make conception from grammar to writing skill fluently
and.
I.
What is conjunction?
.
Conjunction is a word used to link or 'conjoin'
words or phrases into a coherent whole. There are two classes of conjunctions:
coordinate and subordinate.
. A conjunction connects
words or group of words. There are three
types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and
subordinating conjunctions.
II. Definition of Conjunction
. A
word such as ‘and’, while, but, or ‘although’ that words, phrases, and clauses,
in a sentence.
. Conjunctions link
words, sentences or parts of a sentence together.
. We can use a
conjunction to link two main clauses together in a sentence.
. Conjunctions are
words that join clauses into sentences.
. Conjunctions not
only join clause together; they also show how the meanings of the two clauses
are related.
For instance, I went to bed early because I was
extremely tired.
Conjunctions not only join clauses together: they also
show how the meanings of the two clauses are related.
1. We brought the food and they supplied the drink.
(addition)
2. She was poor but she was honest. (contrast)
3. We can go swimming, or we could stay her.
(alternative)
4. People disliked her because she was so rude.
(cause)
5. I’ll phone you when I arrive. (time)
III. Two
kinds
And, but and or are often called ‘co-ordinating
conjunctions’. They join pairs of clauses that are grammatically independent of
each other.
Other conjunctions, like because,
when, that or which, are called ‘subordinating conjunctions’. A subordinating
conjunction together with its following clause acts like a part of the r other
clause. Compare:
IV. Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating
conjunctions, a coordinating
conjunction 'coordinates' two equivalent elements in a sentence, that is, words
belonging to the same grammatical category (nouns + nouns, verbs + verbs,
independent clause + independent clause, etc.).
Edouard
likes neither barbecue nor hamburgers.
Tex
smokes cigarettes and drinks red wine.
IV. 1. Coordinating Conjunction Fanboys
A coordinating conjunction is a single connecting
word. These seven words are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
1.1
Words meaning ‘For’
The boys and girls worked at the fair. (And joins the names
boys and girls.)
Paula or
Jeannine can go with you tonight. (Or joins the names Paula and Jeannine.)
I would like to
help you, but I will be busy tonight. (But joins two sentences or complete
ideas.)
We must leave early
so we can get to the wedding reception on time. (So joins two sentences or two
complete ideas.
Remember the
made-up word FANBOYS when you memorize the coordinating conjunctions. Each
letter in this word (F or, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) stands for a
coordinating conjunction.
V. Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunctions
are pairs of connecting words. These fi ve pairs of words are
both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but
also, and whether/or.
Both Henry and Henrietta are leaving the dance now.
(The correlative conjunctions join two names.)
Not
only will they leave now, but they will also not be here to help clean up. (The
correlative conjunctions join two sentences or complete ideas.)
Either go with them
or stay here and help. (The correlative conjunctions illustrate a choice.)
He
went neither to the stadium nor to the concert hall during this vacation. (The
correlative conjunctions join two prepositional phrases.)
VI.
Conjunction and Parallelism
Both
types of questions in the Structure Section involve conjunctions. Among the
most frequently mentioned items are Parallel structures, which also are tested
in both types of questions.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words and expressions that are used
to connect words, phrases, or clauses.
1.
Coordinating Conjunctions
Steven Spielberg and George Lucas
are famous directors.
You can have dinner now or postpone
it.
I enjoy traveling, but my husband
prefers to stay at home.
She must have passed the test, for
she looks happy.
It is late, so I should go home now.
2.
correlative conjunctions (Paired Conjunctions)
Correlative
conjunctions occur in two paired parts and connect equivalent structures: that
is, single words, phrases, or clauses.
Sue speaks both French and German
fluently.
Either he or I must approve the
purchase.
Neither he nor I have authority to
decide.
This newspaper is sold not only in
the U.S., but also in Canada.
3.
Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating
conjunctions join dependents clauses to independent clauses (adverb clauses or
noun clauses)
(1) Adverb clause markers
When school is finished, I want to
work abroad.
I like his music because it is so
cheerful.
Though it is a holiday, I will go to
the office today.
(2) Noun clause markers
The point is that no one will
benefit.
Whether she leaves or stays is
undecided.
I asked her if she had visited
Seoul.
All
the conjunctions mentioned above involve the linking of units, but coordinating
or correlative conjunctions involve coordination, whereas subordinating
conjunctions involve subordination.
VII. Coordination
and Parallelism
Coordination
involves a relation between two or more units parallel in structure. These
units may be whole clauses but in many cases are smaller units such as noun phrases
or verb phrases.
1. Coordination
of Clauses
(1)
Independent Clauses
Autumn arrived, and the harvest
began.
(2)
Dependent Clauses
The doctors believe that her
condition is improving and that she will soon get wll.
2.
Coordination of Infinitive, Gerund, and Participial Phrases
(1)
Infinitive Phrases
I have asked him to visit us in
person or to write a letter.
(2)
Gerund Phrases
Bill enjoys fishing in the lake and
hiking in the woods.
(3)
Participial Phrases
Insurance paid to rebuild homes damaged
by wind or wrecked by heavy rain.
3.
Coordination of Predicates
Bill fried an egg and made coffee.
Anna is busy but will soon be
finished.
In
most cases, shared auxiliaries in conjoined predicates are omitted:
By now, they must have finished work
and must have gone home.
4.
Coordination of Verb Phrases
(1) Verb Phrases
All my ancestors were born. I lived,
died, and were buried in this town.
(2) Coordination of Noun Phrases
The city can and must recover from
its present crisis.
Coordination
of main verbs, with shared auxiliary, occurs often:
We have copied and filed the
reports.
Mary is admired and respected by the
man.
5. Coordination
of Noun Phrases
(1) Noun Phrases
He asked me to mail two letters, a
package of books, and a postcard.
The car was repaired by Allan, Tom,
and my brother.
(2) Portions of noun Phrases
My brothers and sisters all have
blond hair.
I found the dishes and glasses
stored in brother.
6.
Coordination of Adjective Phrases and Adjectives
The novel was long and very boring.
My dog is very healthy, very strong,
and ready to enter the dog show.
His calm and confident manner
reassured everyone.
7.
Coordination of Adverb Phrases
She wrote her report quickly but
quite accurately.
8.
Coordination of Prepositional Phrases and Prepositions
He voted for the first proposal but
against the second proposal.
He climbed up and over the wall.
Remember
Elements linked by coordinating or
correlative conjunctions require a similar or parallel grammatical form.
Coordination
and Ellipsis
In
many case, when and, or but coordinates clause is reduced by an ellipsis.
One author has and the other a
collection of essays.
My mother lived to age 90, and my
father to 95.
Tom has looked more relaxed, and
Jane more cheerful, since they moved to the country.
Remember
Elements linked by coordinating or
correlative conjunctions require a similar or parallel grammatical form.
Coordination
and Ellipsis
In
many cases, when and, or, or but coordinates clauses, a second clause is
reduced by and ellipsis.
One author has written a novel, and
the other 5
a collection of essays.
My mother lived to age 90, and my
father 5
to 95.
`tom has looked more relaxed, and
Jane 5 more cheerful. I since
they moved to the country.
VIII. Conjunction Missing
This kind of
questions involves missing coordinating and correlative conjunctions. Questions
may ask about coordinating conjunctions only or the conjunction (+ subject) +
verb combination.
1. Coordinating
Conjunctions
The following table is a list of
coordinating conjunctions.
Conjunction
|
Use
|
Example
|
And
|
addition
|
We played the piano and went shopping.
|
But
|
contrast
|
I like tea, but my wife prefers coffee.
|
Yet
|
He was badly injured, yet he survived.
|
|
Or
|
alternative
|
You can order friend fish or chicken for
dinner.
|
For¬
|
reason
|
He must be sick, for he did not come to
work today.
|
So
|
result
|
I don’t think it’s important, so I’ll
ignore it.
|
¬For is used to
link clauses, not individual words or phrases.
He must be sick, for did
not come to work today. (incorrect)
2. Corrective
Conjunctions
The following table is a list of
correlative conjunctions.
Conjunction
|
Use
|
Example
|
Both … and
|
addition
|
Both Harry and Sue got an A on the test.
|
Not only … but also
|
I bought not only gloves, but also a
scarf.
|
|
Either … or
|
alternative
|
Either you win or you lose.
|
Neither … nor
|
Negative alternative
|
She neither drinks nor smokes.
|
Not … but
|
Exclusion/inclusion
|
A prairie dog is actually not a dog, but
a rodent.
|
Notes
1. Level of difficulty: M-E
2. When a coordinating conjunction
is the correct answer, adjective clauses or participial phrases may occur as
distractors.
3. Read the whole sentence after
inserting all choices into the blank.
4. If choices include correlative
conjunctions, then check to see if another part of the conjunctions occurs in
the given sentence, such as either … or or both … and.
IX.
Incorrect Conjunction
Questions in this
category involve incorrectly used conjunctions, such as incorrect correlative
conjunctions, incorrect coordinating conjunctions, coordinating conjunctions
used in place of subordinating conjunctions, or conjunctive adverbs used in
place of coordinating conjunctions.
Conjunctive Adverbs
(1) The following table is a list of
frequently used conjunctive adverbs.
Addition
|
Contrast
|
Effect
|
Condition
|
Time
|
Also
Besides
Moreover
Furthermore
In addition
|
However
Instead
nevertheless
|
Therefore
Thus
Consequently
|
Otherwise
|
Then
meanwhile
|
(2)
The conjunctive adverbs mentioned above cannot take the place of any
conjunction.
The lungs absorb oxygen and expel
carbon dioxide. Correct
The lungs absorb oxygen also expel
carbon dioxide. Incorrect
(3)
semicolons should be used with conjunctive adverbs.
Porous materials absorb sound:
therefore, they are used to line recording studios.
Notes
1. Level of Difficulty M-E
2. Many of the questions involve the
pairs both … and, neither … nor, not … but, and not only … but also.
Examples
A
first-degree burn is one that reddens the skin for
does not produce bl isters.
Explanation
In this question, the coordinating
conjunction for is incorrectly used for the conjunction but. The conjunction
for is used to introduce a clause explaining why you made the statement in the
main clause. Furthermore, for cannot connect phrases, but clause.
Correction: but
X.
Incorrect Inclusion/Omission of Conjunction
In questions of
this kind, a conjunction is incorrectly used when not needed, or else a
conjunction is incorrectly omitted when it is necessary.
1. Incorrect Inclusion
(1) a main clause can have no
conjunction when an adverb clause precedes or follows the main clause.
When he fell, I laughed.
Correct
When he fell, and I
laughed. Incorrect
(2) No conjunction is needed before
the subject of a main clause, even if it is accompanied by a phrase.
Looking at her watch,
Wanda saw that she was late for class. Correct
Looking at her watch,
and Wanda saw that she was late for class. Incorrect
2. Incorrect Omission
Two main clauses can be connected
only with a conjunction.
Max needed a new car,
but he could not afford to buy it. Correct
Max needed a new car, he
could not afford to buy it. Incorrect
Notes
1. Level of Difficulty: M-E
2. Questions involve incorrectly
included conjunctions more often than incorrectly omitted conjunctions.
3. if a conjunction and a subject
are both underlined, check to see if the conjunction is required or not.
Example
|
D
|
|
C
|
|
B
|
|
A
|
Explanation
In this question, the conjunction
but is incorrectly included. Because an adverb clause precedes the main clause,
the conjunction is not needed.
Correction: one
XI. Missing
Items Involving Parallel Structures
1. Parallel Structure
with Coordinating Conjunctions
A, B, and / or C (elements in
series)
The elements of a deed are motive,
means, and opportunity.
Bill is patient, experienced, and
calm.
This task must be completed quickly,
accurately, and efficiently.
The maid changed the bed. Cleaned
the bathroom, and vacuumed the carpet.
The duties of the government are to
make laws, to maintain the courts, and to provide for national defense.
Editorial work includes writing
articles, proofreading text, and selecting illustrations.
A and/or B
What I want is to
be a doctor or to become an author/
Bull works slowly but methodically.
Children enjoy flying kites and
climbing trees.
The medicine must be stirred in
water and diluted before it is drunk.
He is considered a man of dignity
but a man of boldness too.
Nouns
in parallel structure must be parallel in their meaning as well as their form.
Astrophysics is based on the
sciences of physics, mathematics, and astronomy. correct
Astrophysics is based on the
sciences of physics, mathematics, and astronomers. Incorrect
2. Parallel Structure with
Correlative Conjunctions
You should either get a job or go to
graduate school.
I want to be both healthy and
successful.
A greedy man knows neither happiness
nor security.
Volcanoes not only produce ash but
also expel molten rock.
He was thinking not about work but
about vacation.
3. Parallel Structure
with Comparisons
To
produce is as important as to consume.
Playing tennis is more fun than
watching it on TV.
The
two things being compared must also have parallel meanings.
The temperature on
the mountain top is lower than that at sea level. Correct
The temperature on the mountain top
is lower than at sea level. Incorrect
The population of New York is
greater than that of Seattle. Correct
The population of New York is
greater than Seattle. Incorrect
Notes:
1. Level of
Difficulty: M-E
2. As a rule, questions involve elements
in a series.
Conclusion
There are 3 types 1. Coordinating Conjunctions are words that connect similar elements
within a sentence such
as multiple independent clauses, verbs, or subjects.
There are six
coordinating conjunctions: and, but, or, nor, so, yet.
2. Correlative
Conjunctions link together similar
components of a sentence and are technically composed of a coordinating
conjunction and an adjective/adverb.
Correlative conjunctions are: either / or neither / nor whether
/ not both / and as / as (positive) so /as (negative) not only / but also. 3. Subordinating Conjunctions introduce a dependent clause and
show how it relates to
the dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions include:
although, if, whenever,
because, unless, after, as long as, as if, even though, since, when, how,
whether, etc…
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